"Justice as Fairness: A Restatement" by John Bordley Rawls,2001

Is a revision of his classic "A Theory of Justice".
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2001.

This shorter summary of the main arguments of Rawls' political philosophy was edited by Erin Kelly. Many versions of this were circulated in typescript and much of the material was delivered by Rawls in lectures when he taught courses covering his own work at Harvard University.

Rawls is responding to criticism as well as adding further thought to his earlier A Theory of Justice.
Written shortly before his death in 2002.

In part I,
he discusses several fundamental ideas,
all of which are in his earlier book as well as Political Liberalism (1995):
-a well-ordered society;
-the basic structure of society;
-the original position;
-free and equal persons;
-public justification;
-reflective equilibrium; and
-overlapping consensus.

In part II,
he moves on to his principles of justice,
revising them from his earlier edition, which now read :

a.Each person has the same indefeasible claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme of liberties for all; and
b.Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions:
-first,
they are to be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and
-second,
they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society (the difference principle).

In part III,
Rawls expands on his argument for the two principles of the Original position.

Here he brings in a new concept,
that of Public reason,
an idea that is not well discussed in Theory of Justice.

Part IV
takes the reader to public institutions that will be present in a just and fair society.

He lists five types of social systems:
1.Laissez-faire capitalism
2.Welfare-state capitalism
3.State socialism with a command economy
4.Property-owning democracy
5.Liberal (democratic) socialism.

Rawls holds that the first three
"[violate] the two principles of justice in at least one way",
thus leaving only
(4) property-owning democracy and
(5) liberal socialism
as the "ideal descriptions" that include
"arrangements designed to satisfy the two principles of justice".

In part V
he explains why political liberalism is not only possible,
but why it is not utopian thinking to believe that such a society is possible.
..
Looking primarily at the twentieth century United States,
he is certain that institutions within US society are causing injustices.

The very expensive campaign system essentially rules out all but the very rich from even deciding to run for public office.
The expense of healthcare restricts the best care to those who can afford it,
leaving the poor to only the most basic of services.