Rhetoric by Aristotle

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Rhetoric is useful for enabling truth to prevail over falsity,
for providing audiences with special knowledge,
for facilitating examination of both sides of an issue,
and for developing the capacity for persuasive argument.
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Rhetoric is concerned with matters about which men are not dedicated and for which no science presents adequate answers.
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The most effective source of persuasion is the enthymeme ;
enthymemes are compressed arguments designed to appeal to the beliefs and emotions of the audience.
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The materials of enthymemes are probabilities and signs ;
rationes esscendi are reasons,referring to probable causes,for taking something to be a fact ;
rationes cognoscendi are reasons for believing in facts because of signs.
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Speeches are of three kinds :
the political,
the forensic,and
the ceremonial.
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Ethica Nicomachea by Aristotle

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The good is that at which all things aim ;
the good for man is happiness,
and happiness is the realization of man's essential nature.
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The virtue,or excellence,
of a thing is the full development of the potentialities of the essential natures ;
since man is essentially a rational animal,
the good for man is activity of the soul in accordance with reason.
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To act in accordance with reason,to be virtuous,
usually involves choosing the mean between extremes of conduct ;
for example,the virtue courage is the mean between rashness and cowardice.
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Some kinds of acts are inherently bad and no temperate action is possible in such cases :
for example,adultery and murder.
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The good life involves friendship with virtuous men and development of the intellectual virtues.
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The highest good for man is the contemplative life.
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Metaphysics by Aristotle

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True knowledge is the knowledge of ultimate causes.

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There are four types of causes :

a.the formal cause -a plan or type ;

b.the final cause -a purpose ;

c.the material cause -matter,that which is used ; and

d.the efficient cause -that which initiates change.

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The study of being as being involves the attempt to discover first principles of explanation.

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The individual thing to which properties belong is the only true substance ;

substances are subjects,but never predicates.

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Since properties attach themselves to individuals of a certain kind,

the kind may also be called ''substance'' ;

thus,the essence of a thing is,in this sense,its substance.

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Matter is potentiality,the capacity to be something ;

matter is unlimited which is able to be limited by form;

when matter is limited by form,there is actuality.

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Forms,or universals,exist only in things.

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The process of change cannot go on to infinity ;

there must be an unmoved first mover which is eternal substance and actuality ;

such a first mover is good ;

it is divine thought thinking only of thought.

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On the Soul - De Anima - Aristotle

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The soul is the actual development of the potentialities of life ;
it is the body's source of movement,
the essence of the living body,
and the purpose for which the body exists.
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Sensation is the process of receiving into oneself,
by means of the sense organs,
the forms of things.
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The mind is that part of the soul by which the soul knows and thinks.
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Physics by Aristotle

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To know a thing involves understasting first principles.

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Matter is potentially,form is actually ;

to each form there corresponds a special matter.

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There are four types of causes :

1.the material cause -matter- ;

2.the formal cause -the kind- ;

3.the final cause -the purpose- ; and

4.the efficient cause -that which initiates change- ;

in addition,

5.change and

6.spontaneity

are kinds of causes.

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Nature,defined as a principle of motion and change,

is a cause that operates for a purpose.

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The infinite is potential,never actual.

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Place is the innermost motionless boundary of what contains ;

Time is the number of motion in respect to before and after.

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There are three kinds of change :

1.qualitative,

2.quantitative,and

3.local.

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There must be an UNMOVED MOVER which by eternal rotary motion imparts motion to all things.

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Organon by Aristotle

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Of the categories -

1.substance,

2.quality,

3.quantity,

4.relation,

5.action,

6.affection,

7.place,

8.time,

9.position,and

10.state -

substance is the most important,

for the other categories are properties of substance.

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Primary substances are the subjects of properties ; they are not themselves properties :

for example,individual men are primary substances.

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Secondary substances are the classes of which primary substances are members :

f.e.,the class ''man'' is a secondary substance.

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The propositional form

''If all B is A,

and all C is B,

then all C is A''

is an axiom of logic by reference to which arguments of syllogistic form can be reduced and criticized.

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Scientific arguments depend upon ultimate premises established either by induction or by intuition.

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