21st-century philosophers - Ron McClamrock,John McDowell,Colin McGinn,Ruth Macklin,William McNeill (philosopher),Penelope Maddy,Catherine Malabou,David B. Malament,Jon Mandle,Jesse Mann,Ruth Barcan Marcus,Jean-Luc Marion,Don Marquis (philosopher),Per Martin-Löf,Brian Massumi,Ali Mazrui,Trenton Merricks,Mary Midgley,David Miller (philosopher),Fred D. Miller,Peter Millican,Ruth Garrett Millikan,Nina Karin Monsen,Dermot Moran,Jesús Mosterín,Valentin Yves Mudimbe,Ferid Muhić,Kevin Mulligan,Stephen Mumford

Ronald Albert McClamrock, usually known as Ron McClamrock, is an associate professor of philosophy at the University at Albany, The State University of New York. His primary areas of research are the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and cognitive science.
In his book, Existential Cognition: Minds in the World, McClamrock argued for the extreme importance of the external environment (both social and physical) in the determination of almost all varieties of human and animal behavior. His position is that the methodological individualism inherent in many contemporary forms of computational theories of the mind are completely inadequate and that we must look to the interactions between organism and world in order to find "external mechanisms that mediate behavior" as well as the usual internal mechanisms. Borrowing from Herbert Simon and also influenced by the ideas of existential phenomenologists such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger, McClamrock suggests that man's condition of being-in-the-world makes it impossible for him to understand himself by abstracting away from it and examining it as if it were a detached experimental object of which he himself is not an integral part.

John Henry McDowell (born 1942) is a South African philosopher, formerly a fellow of University College, Oxford and now University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Although he has written extensively on metaphysics, epistemology, ancient philosophy, and meta-ethics, McDowell's most influential work has been in the philosophy of mind and philosophy of language.
McDowell has, throughout his career, understood philosophy to be "therapeutic" and thereby to "leave everything as it is", which he understands to be a form of philosophical quietism (although he does not consider himself to be a "quietist"). The philosophical quietist believes that philosophy cannot make any explanatory comment about how, for example, thought and talk relate to the world but can, by offering re-descriptions of philosophically problematic cases, return the confused philosopher to a state of intellectual quietude. However, in defending this quietistic perspective McDowell has engaged with the work of leading contemporaries in such a way as to both therapeutically dissolve what he takes to be philosophical error, while developing original and distinctive theses about language, mind and value. In each case, he has tried to resist the influence of what he regards as a misguided, reductive form of philosophical naturalism that dominates the work of his contemporaries, particularly in North America.

Colin McGinn (born March 10, 1950) is a British philosopher currently working at the University of Miami. McGinn has also held major teaching positions at Oxford University and Rutgers University. He is best known for his work in the philosophy of mind, though he has written on topics across the breadth of modern philosophy. Chief among his works intended for a general audience is the intellectual memoir The Making of a Philosopher: My Journey Through Twentieth-Century Philosophy (2002).
Although McGinn has written dozens of articles in philosophical logic, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, he is best known for his work in the philosophy of mind. In his 1989 article "Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?", McGinn speculates that the human mind is innately incapable of comprehending itself entirely, and that this incapacity spawns the puzzles of consciousness that have preoccupied Western philosophy since Descartes. Thus, McGinn's answer to the hard problem of consciousness is that humans cannot find the answer. This position has been nicknamed the "New Mysterianism". The Mysterious Flame: Conscious Minds in a Material World (2000) is a non-technical exposition of McGinn's theory.
Outside of philosophy, McGinn has written a novel entitled The Space Trap (1992). He was also featured prominently as an interviewee in Jonathan Miller's Brief History of Disbelief, a documentary mini-series about atheism's history. He discussed the philosophy of belief as well as his own beliefs as an antitheist.
He is cited by Michio Kaku in "Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize The 21st Century" and in "Physics of the Impossible" regarding the subjective experience that arises from matter or the impossibility of building machines that can think: is like slugs trying to do Freudian psychoanalysis, they just don't have the conceptual equipment.

Ruth Macklin Philosopher and Professor of Bioethics.
Ruth Macklin studied Philosophy at Cornell University then received Ph.D. in Philosophy from Case Western Reserve University. She is Professor of Bioethics at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York. She has more than 130 scholarly publications and books on AIDS, human reproduction, the ethics of human subjects in research, health policy, etc. She is also adviser to the World Health Organization, chairperson of UNAIDS Ethical Review Committee, an elected member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, co-chair of the National Advisory Board on Ethics in Reproduction, is a member of the American Association of Bioethics, and is a Vice-President of the International Association of Bioethics.Macklin is a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.

William McNeill (born 1961) is Professor of Philosophy at DePaul University.
McNeill was educated at the University of Essex, and he is now teaching Heidegger at DePaul University. He is a translator of the work of Martin Heidegger, about whom he has written two books. The Glance of the Eye (1999) closely examines the relation between Heidegger's thought and Greek philosophy, in particular his relation to Aristotle. The Time of Life (2006) is an examination of the implications of Heidegger's thought for ethics.

Penelope Maddy is a UCI Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and of Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine. She is well-known for her influential work in the philosophy of mathematics, where she has worked on realism and naturalism.
Maddy received her Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1979. Her early work, culminating in Realism in Mathematics, she tried to defend Kurt Gödel's position that mathematics is a true description of a mind-independent realm that we can access through our intuition. However, she suggested that some mathematical entities are in fact concrete, unlike, notably, Gödel, who assumed all mathematical objects are abstract. She suggested that sets can be causally efficacious, and in fact share all the causal and spatiotemporal properties of their elements. Thus, when I see the three cups on the table in front of me, I also see the set as well. She used contemporary work in cognitive science and psychology to support this position, pointing out that just as at a certain age we begin to see objects rather than mere sense perceptions, there is also a certain age at which we begin to see sets rather than just objects.
In the 1990s, she moved away from this position, towards a position described in Naturalism in Mathematics. Her "naturalist" position, like Quine's, suggests that since science is our most successful project so far for knowing about the world, philosophers should adopt the methods of science in their own discipline, and especially when discussing science. However, rather than a unified picture of the sciences like Quine's, she has a picture on which mathematics is separate. This way, mathematics is neither supported nor undermined by the needs and goals of science, but is allowed to obey its own criteria. This means that traditional metaphysical and epistemological concerns of the philosophy of mathematics are misplaced. Like Wittgenstein, she suggests that many of these puzzles arise merely because of the application of language outside its proper domain of significance.
Throughout her career, she has been dedicated to understanding and explaining the methods that set theorists use in agreeing on axioms, especially those that go beyond ZFC.

Catherine Malabou (born 1959) is a French philosopher. She is currently professor in the Philosophy Department at the Université Paris-X Nanterre and Visiting Professor in the Comparative Literature Department at the State University of New York at Buffalo. She is to move to the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy (CRMEP) at Kingston University in 2011.
Central to Malabou's philosophy is the concept of "plasticity," which she derives in part from the work of Hegel, as well as from medical science, for example, from work on stem cells and from the concept of neuroplasticity. In 1999, Malabou published Voyager avec Jacques Derrida – La Contre-allée, co-authored with Derrida. Her book, Les nouveaux blessés (2007), concerns the intersection between neuroscience, psychoanalysis, and philosophy, thought through the phenomenon of trauma.
In the last few years, Malabou has tackled an increasing range of themes and topics in her writing. Coinciding with her exploration of neuroscience has been a greater and greater commitment to political philosophy. This is first evident in her book What Should We Do With Our Brain? and continues in Les nouveaux blessés, as well as in her book on feminism (Changer de différence, le féminin et la question philosophique, Galilée, 2009), and in her forthcoming book about the homeless and social emergency (La grande exclusion, Bayard).
Malabou is currently co-authoring a book with Adrian Johnston on affects in Descartes, Spinoza and neuroscience, and is preparing a new book on the political meaning of life in the light of the most recent biological discoveries (mainly epigenetics). The latter work will discuss Giorgio Agamben's concept of "bare life" and Michel Foucault's notion of biopower, underscoring the lack of scientific biological definitions of these terms, and the political meaning of such a lack.

David B. Malament (born 1947) is an American philosopher of science.
He attended Stuyvesant High School and received a B.A. in mathematics 1968 at Columbia College and Ph.D. in philosophy 1975 at Rockefeller University. After teaching for nearly a quarter-century at the University of Chicago, Malament left to become Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science at the University of California, Irvine.
Malament's work is centered about the conceptual foundations of Special and General Theory of Relativity.
In the question whether simultaneity in STR, the Einstein synchronisation, is conventional, Malament argues against conventionalism and is thought to have refuted Adolf Grünbaum's argument for conventionalism.Grünbaum, as well as Sahotra Sarkar and John Stachel,don't agree, whereas Robert Rynasiewicz sides with Malament. As of 2006 there is on ongoing debate about Malament's argument in philosophical journals.
During the Vietnam War Malament was a conscientious objector to the draft, spending time in jail for refusing induction into the military. He published an article on the subject of selective conscientious objection in an early issue of the journal Philosophy and Public Affairs.

Jonathan Mandle is currently the Department Chair and Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University at Albany, SUNY. He is a member of the Crooked Timber group blog. He is the brother of NBA player Adonal Foyle.

Jesse Aloysius Mann is professor emeritus of philosophy at Georgetown University. He earned a Ph.D. at the Catholic University of America (1958), and served as professor of philosophy and dean of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. A faculty committee at the university annually awards the Jesse A. Mann Medal in his honour to a graduating senior majoring in culture and politics.

Ruth Barcan Marcus (born 1921 in Bronx, New York) is the American philosopher and logician after whom the Barcan formula is named. She is a pioneering figure in the quantification of modal logic and the theory of direct reference. She has written seminal papers on identity, essentialism, possibilia, belief, moral conflict as well as some critical historical studies.
Direct Reference
Ruth Barcan Marcus proposed the view in the philosophy of language according to which proper names are what Marcus termed mere "tags". ("Modalities and Intentional Languages" (Synthese, 1961)(and elsewhere). These "tags" are used to refer to an object (the bearer of the name). The meaning of the name is regarded as exhausted by this referential function. This view contrasts for example with late Bertrand Russell description theory of proper names as well as John Searle's cluster description theory of names which prevailed at the time. This view of proper names (presented in 1962 with Quine as commentator) has been identified by Quentin Smith with the theory of reference given in Saul Kripke's Naming and Necessity. However, in a recent laudatio to Ruth Barcan Marcus, Professor Timothy Williamson says: "One of the ideas in them that resonates most with current philosophy of language is that of proper names as mere tags, without descriptive content. This is not Kripke's idea of names as rigid designators, designating the same object with respect to all relevant worlds, for ‘rigidified’ definite descriptions are rigid designators but still have descriptive content. Rather, it is the idea, later developed by David Kaplan and others, that proper names are directly referential, in the sense that they contribute only their bearer to the propositions expressed by sentences in which they occur."

Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is among the best-known living philosophers in France, former student of Jacques Derrida and one of the leading Catholic thinkers of modern times. Marion's take on the postmodern is richly enhanced by his expertise in patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy.Although much of his academic work has dealt with Descartes and phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl, it is rather his explicitly religious works that have garnered much recent attention. God Without Being, for example, is concerned predominantly with an analysis of idolatry, a theme strongly linked in Marion's work with love and the gift, which is a concept also explored at length by Derrida. To a certain extent, Marion also takes up the mantle of Emmanuel Levinas in directing our thought beyond being. There is a widespread but possibly dubious designation of Jean-Luc Marion as a leading contributor to postmodern theology.
According to John D. Caputo, Marion "is famous for the idea of what he calls the “saturated phenomenon,” which is inspired by his study of Christian Neoplatonic mystical theologians....[The idea that] there are phenomena of such overwhelming givenness or overflowing fulfillment that the intentional acts aimed at these phenomena are overrun, flooded—or saturated."

Don Marquis (born 1935) is an American philosopher whose main academic interests are in ethics and medical ethics. Marquis is currently Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas.
Marquis earned an A.B. in Anatomy and Physiology from Indiana University in 1957. After receiving an M.A. in History from the University of Pittsburgh in 1962, Marquis returned to Indiana University to study philosophy. He received an M.A. in History and Philosophy of Science from Indiana in 1964 and a Ph.D. in Philosophy in 1970. He has taught at the University of Kansas since 1967. During the 2007/08 academic year, Marquis held the Laurance S. Rockefeller Visiting Professorship for Distinguished Teaching at the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University.
Marquis is best known for his paper, "Why Abortion Is Immoral," which appeared in the Journal of Philosophy in April, 1989. This paper has been reprinted over 80 times,and is widely cited in the philosophical debate over abortion.The main argument in the paper is sometimes known as the "deprivation argument," since a central premise is that abortion deprives an embryo or fetus of a "future like ours."

Per Erik Rutger Martin-Löf (born 1942) is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician. He is internationally renowned for his work on the foundations of probability, statistics, mathematical logic, and computer science. Since the late 1970s, Martin-Löf's publications have been mainly in logic. In philosophical logic, Martin-Löf has wrestled with the philosophy of logical consequence and judgment, partly inspired by the work of Brentano, Frege, and Husserl. In mathematical logic, Martin-Löf has been active in developing intuitionistic type theory as a constructive foundation of mathematics; Martin-Löf's work on type theory has influenced computer science.
Per Martin-Löf holds a joint chair for Mathematics and Philosophy at Stockholm University.
His brother Anders Martin-Löf is now emeritus professor of mathematical statistics at Stockholm University; the two brothers have collaborated in research in probability and statistics. The research of Anders and Per Martin-Löf has influenced statistical theory, especially regarding exponential families, the expectation-maximization method for missing data, and model selection.
Per Martin-Löf is an enthusiastic bird-watcher, whose first scientific publication was on the mortality rates of ringed birds.

Brian Massumi is a Canadian political philosopher and social theorist. Massumi's research spans the fields of art, architecture, political theory, cultural studies and philosophy. He received his Ph.D in French Literature from Yale University in 1987. He is also known for English-language translations of recent French philosophy, including Jean-François Lyotard's The Postmodern Condition (with Geoffrey Bennington), Jacques Attali's Noise and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's A Thousand Plateaus.
Massumi collaborates with Erin Manning,director of the Sense Lab, a research-creation laboratory affiliated with the Society for Art and Technology in Montreal.They co-edit a book series at MIT Press entitled Technologies of Lived Abstraction and are founding members of the editorial collective of the Sense Lab journal Inflexions: A Journal for Research-Creation.
Massumi is currently teaching at Université de Montréal, in the Communication Sciences Department. Brian Massumi has taught and lectured internationally at Cornell University (2010), European Graduate School (2010),University of Helsinki/Turku (2009),Goldsmiths', University of London (2008) and University of California, Los Angeles (2000).In 2009 / 2010 Brian Massumi was a Senior Scholar in Residence at the Society for the Humanities at Cornell University.
Capitalism and Schizophrenia is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Its two volumes, published eight years apart, are Anti-Oedipus (1972, trans. 1977) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980, trans. 1987).

Ali Al'amin Mazrui (born February 24, 1933 in Mombasa, Kenya) is an academic and political writer on African and Islamic studies and North-South relations. He is an Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities and the Director of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York.

Mazrui's research interests include African politics, international political culture, political Islam and North-South relations. He is author or co-author of more than twenty books. Mazrui has also published hundreds of articles in major scholastic journals and for public media. He has also served on the editorial boards of more than twenty international scholarly journals.
He first rose to prominence as a critic of some of the accepted orthodoxies of African intellectuals in the 1960s and 1970s. He was critical of to African socialism and all strains of Marxism. He argued that communism was a Western import just as unsuited for the African condition as the earlier colonial attempts to install European type governments. He argued that a revised liberalism could help the continent and described himself as a proponent of a unique ideology of African liberalism.
At the same time he was a prominent critic of the current world order. He believed the current capitalist system was deeply exploitative of Africa, and that the West rarely if ever lived up to their liberal ideals. He has opposed Western interventions in the developing world, such as the Iraq War. He has also long been a critic of Israel's policies, being one of the first to try and link the treatment of Palestinians with South Africa's apartheid.
Especially in recent years, Mazrui has also become a well known commentator on Islam and Islamism. While utterly rejecting violence and terrorism Mazrui has praised some of the anti-imperialist sentiment that plays an important role in modern Islamic fundamentalism. He has also argued that sharia law is not incompatible with democracy.
In addition to his written work, Dr. Mazrui was also the creator of the television series The Africans: A Triple Heritage, which was jointly produced by the BBC and the Public Broadcasting Service (WETA, Washington) in association with the Nigerian Television Authority. A book by the same title was jointly published by BBC Publications and Little, Brown and Company.

Trenton Merricks is a philosopher at the University of Virginia. His main fields are metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of religion. He is perhaps most famous for his account of nihilism (or what is called partial mereological nihilism), according to which, chairs and trees and things like that do not exist. They are, rather, particle systems, not solid objects, and thus our ordinary human conception of them is not totally correct. His book, Objects and Persons, is widely recognized among philosophers as being one of the most original contributions of the philosophy of mereological nihilism.

Mary Midgley, née Scrutton (born September 13, 1919), is an English moral philosopher. She was a Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at Newcastle University and is known for her work on science, ethics and animal rights. She wrote her first book, Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature (1978), when she was in her fifties. It was followed by several others, including Heart and Mind: The Varieties of Moral Experience (1981), Animals And Why They Matter (1983); Wickedness (1984); and The Ethical Primate: Humans, Freedom and Morality (1994). She was awarded an honorary D. Litt by Durham University in 1995. Her autobiography,The Owl Of Minerva, was published in 2005.
Midgley strongly opposes reductionist and scientistic ideas, which attempt to make science a substitute for the humanities, a role for which she argues it is wholly inadequate. She has written extensively about what philosophers can learn from nature, particularly from animals. A number of her books and articles have discussed philosophical ideas appearing in popular science, including those of Richard Dawkins. She has also written in favour of a moral interpretation of the Gaia hypothesis.
The Guardian has described her as a fiercely combative philosopher and the UK's "foremost scourge of 'scientific pretension'"

David W. Miller (born 19 August 1942) is a philosopher and prominent exponent of critical rationalism. He taught in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Warwick in Coventry, UK.
In 1964 he went to the London School of Economics as a student to study Logic and Scientific Method. Soon afterwards he became one of Karl Popper's research assistants. In a series of papers in the 1970s, Miller and others uncovered defects in Popper's formal definition of verisimilitude, previously a mostly ignored aspect of Popper's theory. A substantial literature developed in the two decades following, including papers by Miller, to assess the remediability of Popper's approach.
Miller's Critical Rationalism (1994) is an attempt to expound, defend, and extend an approach to scientific knowledge identified with Popper. A central, "not quite original", thesis is that rationality does not depend on good reasons. Rather, it is better off without them, especially as they are unobtainable and unusable.

Fred D. Miller, Jr. is a professor of philosophy at Bowling Green State University, and serves as Executive Director of the University's Social Philosophy and Policy Center. An Objectivist philosopher, he is a member of the Ayn Rand Society, affiliated with the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division. He specializes in Aristotelian philosophy, with additional interests in political philosophy, business ethics, metaphysics, and philosophy in science fiction.

Peter Millican (born March 1, 1958) is a British philosopher and prominent scholar of David Hume. Millican is currently teaching at Hertford College, Oxford University in the United Kingdom. His primary interests include the philosophy of David Hume, philosophy of religion, philosophy of language, and epistemology. Millican is particularly well known for his work on David Hume, emphasising the importance of Hume's later work, and defending a broadly traditional interpretation against influential revisionary trends (e.g. non-sceptical readings of Hume on induction, and the "New Hume" Causal realist interpretation). Since 2005 he has been Co-Editor of the journal Hume Studies. Millican is also an International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster, and has a strong interest in the field of Computing and its links with Philosophy. Recently he has developed a new degree programme at Oxford University, in Computer Science and Philosophy, due to accept its first students in 2012. Millican's expertise in computational analysis of language was relevant in the Bill Ayers presidential election controversy concerning the authorship of Obama's autobiography, Dreams from My Father.

Ruth Garrett Millikan (born 1933) is a well-known American philosopher of biology, psychology, and language. She was awarded the Jean Nicod Prize and gave the Jean Nicod Lectures in Paris in 2002.
Millikan earned her PhD from Yale University where she studied under Wilfrid Sellars. She and Paul Churchland are often considered leading proponents of "right wing" (i.e., individualistic) Sellarsianism.
Millikan taught at the University of Michigan and for many years at the University of Connecticut, where she is now professor emeritus.
Millikan is most famous for the view which, in her 1989 paper of the same name, she refers to as "Biosemantics".Biosemantics is a theory about something philosophers often refer to as "intentionality". Intentionality is the phenomenon of things being such that they are 'about' other things, paradigm cases being thoughts and sentences. A belief of mine that you will do my chores for me, for example, is about you and about my chores. The same is true of a corresponding desire, intention or spoken or written command.
In general the goal of a theory of intentionality is to explain the phenomenon - things being such that they are 'about' other things - in other, more informative, terms. Such a theory aims to give an account of what this "aboutness" consists in. Just as chemistry offers the claim that "water is H2O" as a theory of what water consists in, so biosemantics aims for a constitutive account of intentionality.
As the name hints, Millikan's theory explains intentionality in terms that are broadly 'biological'. Specifically, she explains it in terms of ways that things have been selected to be, in particular in terms of a normal kind of explanation of a thing.
In her article, "Naturalist Reflections on Knowledge", Millikan defends the position that the justification of true beliefs through an explanation in accordance with evolution constitutes knowledge.

Nina Karin Monsen (born 29 May 1943 in Bergen) is a Norwegian moral philosopher and author.
She was appointed a government scholarship awardee (Norwegian: statsstipendiat) in 2004. She has written several books, both non-fiction and fiction works, and has been active in Norwegian public debate since the early 1970s.
Monsen is Magister of Philosophy (1969) and was one of the founders of the Norwegian new feminist movement in 1970. Her early work was on the logician Quine and later feminist philosophy; she since became the most visible proponent of Personalism in Norway, with Det elskende menneske (The loving human being, 1987) as the most central work.
Monsen grew up in a humanist family, but later convert to Christianity through philosophic thinking.Recently, Monsen has been a strong opponent of the introduction of same-sex marriage in Norway.
In 2009, she was awarded the Fritt Ord Award.
She was married to legal scholar Helge Johan Thue until he died in 2010.

Dermot Moran is Professor of Philosophy (Logic and Metaphysics) at University College Dublin. He previously taught at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, Queen's University of Belfast, and Yale University. He has served as a visiting professor of philosophy in many universities around the world, including Rice University, Sorbonne, University at Albany, SUNY, Catholic University of Leuven, Trinity College Dublin, Connecticut College and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He has been an elected member of the Royal Irish Academy since March 2003 and has been involved in the Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie, the highest non-governmental world organization for philosophy, since the 1980s. He is the founding editor of International Journal of Philosophical Studies, published by Routledge, and co-editor of Contributions To Phenomenology book series, published by Springer. His book Introduction to Phenomenology was awarded the Edward Goodwin Ballard Prize in Phenomenology (2001) and was translated in Chinese. A Turkish translation of the book is in preparation. Moran has also been elected President of the Programme Committee for the 23rd World Congress of Philosophy which is scheduled to take place in Athens in 2013.

Jesús Mosterín (born 1941) is a leading Spanish philosopher and a thinker of broad spectrum, often at the frontier between science and philosophy.
Mosterín acquired his initial logical formation at the Institut für mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung in Münster (Germany). He published the first modern and rigurous textbooks of logic and set theory in Spanish. He has worked on topics of first and second order logic, axiomatic set theory, computability and complexity.He has shown how the uniform digitalization of each type of symbolic object (such as chromosomes, texts, pictures, movies or pieces of music) can be considered to implement a certain positional numbering system. This result gives a precise meaning to the notion that the set of natural numbers constitutes a universal library and indeed a universal data base.Mosterín has edited the first edition of the complete works of Kurt Gödel in any language.[Together with Thomas Bonk, he has edited an unpublished book of Rudolf Carnap on axiomatics (in German).He has also delved in the historical and biographical aspects of the development of modern logic, as shown in his original work on the lives of Gottlob Frege, Georg Cantor, Bertrand Russell, John von Neumann, Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing, intertwined with a formal analysis of their main technical contributions.

Valentin Yves Mudimbe (born 1941) is a philosopher, professor, and author of books and articles about African culture, poems, and novels. He was born in the Belgian Congo, which became Zaire and is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As a young man, he joined a Benedictine monastery, but left in order to study the forces that shaped African history. He and his family left Zaire to escape the dictatorship of Mobutu in the early 1980s.After teaching at Haverford College and Stanford University, he now teaches at Duke University.
Mudimbe focuses most closely on phenomenology, structuralism, mythical narratives, and the practice and use of language. As a professor, he teaches classes on these topics, as wells as on ancient Greek cultural geography.

Ferid Muhić (born 1944 in Mahoje, Bosnia and Herzegovina) is a Professor of Philosophy at University Sts. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. He started his academic career as Assistant at the Institute for Sociological Research in Skopje in 1970. He entered the Department of Philosophy as Assistant in 1974; Associate Professor 1976-1980; Full-time Professor 1980-present. Visiting Professor in International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Kuala Lumpur; Florida State University; Syracuse University, New York; Sorbonne 8, Paris; and several universities in Southern-East Europe. Main professional specialties: contemporary philosophy, cultural anthropology, aesthetics and political philosophy.

Kevin Mulligan (born in Shifnal, Shropshire, June 23, 1951) is a British philosopher, working on ontology, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of logic. He is currently Professor for philosophy at the University of Geneva, where he collaborates with, among others, Pascal Engel. He is also known for his work with Peter Simons and Barry Smith on ontology, Austrian and Polish philosophy.

Stephen Dean Mumford (born July 31, 1965 in Wakefield, West Yorkshire) is a philosopher and Professor of Metaphysics at The University of Nottingham.Mumford is best known for his work on dispositions and laws, his main work is a monograph on the metaphysics of natural laws entitled "Laws in Nature" and he is often cited for his first major publication "Dispositions".Mumford was Head of the Department of Philosophy from 2004-2007, and was appointed Head of the School of Humanities in 2009.

Mumford was a project leader for The University of Nottingham in the AHRC (Arts & Humanities Research Council) funded three-year research project: the metaphysics of science. Mumford worked alongside Alexander Bird (Bristol)and Helen Beebee (Birmingham) within this project with their joint focus on "causes, laws, kinds, and dispositions". The project was described with the following abstract: "We naturally think that what happens in the universe is governed by laws of nature. We also think that events are causally related to other events, that things are naturally classified into kinds (physical, chemical and biological kinds, for example), and that at least some natural kinds have distinctive dispositions (for example, the disposition of NaCl to dissolve in water). This project explored how, or whether, all these distinct notions - law, cause, natural kind, disposition - can be made to fit together into a coherent and unified worldview. For example, must two causally related events be such that they are members of kinds that are lawfully related? Must those kinds be natural kinds? Are natural kinds distinguished from one another by the fact that members of different kinds are disposed to behave in different ways?".