Organon by Aristotle

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Of the categories -

1.substance,

2.quality,

3.quantity,

4.relation,

5.action,

6.affection,

7.place,

8.time,

9.position,and

10.state -

substance is the most important,

for the other categories are properties of substance.

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Primary substances are the subjects of properties ; they are not themselves properties :

for example,individual men are primary substances.

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Secondary substances are the classes of which primary substances are members :

f.e.,the class ''man'' is a secondary substance.

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The propositional form

''If all B is A,

and all C is B,

then all C is A''

is an axiom of logic by reference to which arguments of syllogistic form can be reduced and criticized.

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Scientific arguments depend upon ultimate premises established either by induction or by intuition.

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