Ο Καλλικράτης ήταν ένας από τους δύο αρχιτέκτονες του Παρθενώνα. Έζησε τον 5ο αιώνα π.Χ. στην Αθήνα, κατά την διάρκεια του «χρυσού αιώνα του Περικλή»
Staying the Course THE CAMPAIGN
CONSPIRACIES ASSASINATION
The Battle of Ideas |  | |
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These documents are a good starting point. Read them in whatever order works for you. (If you start with a theme you're interested in, you'll find excerpts from these and other articles that pertain to that theme, and on the right side of each theme page, you'll find a list of the Essential Documents that pertain to that theme.)
Peace, Justice and Economic Reform — Nic Tideman • PDF version
Thou Shalt Not Steal — Henry George • PDF version
Thy Kingdom Come — Henry George • PDF version
The Earth is the Lord's — Robert Andelson • PDF version
Henry George and the Reconstruction of Capitalism — Robert Andelson • PDF version
From Wasteland to Promised Land (synopsis) — Robert Andelson and James Dawsey • PDF version
The People's Land — Winston Churchill • PDF version
Land Price as a Cause of Poverty — Winston Churchill • PDF version
Are You a Real Libertarian, or a Royal Libertarian? — Dan Sullivan • PDF version
Real Estate and the Capital Gains Debate — Michael Hudson and Kris Feder
For Want of a Landlord: A Thanksgiving Parable — Mason Gaffney • PDF version
True Christianity and My Own Religious Beliefs — Joseph Fels • PDF version
Slavery — A.J.O. • PDF version
The Uncertain Future of the Metropolis — Walter Rybeck • PDF version
The Fallacy of the "Three-Legged Stool" Metaphor — Bill Batt • PDF version
Estimating Land Value — Ted Gwartney • PDF version
The Lies of the Land: How and Why Land Gets Undervalued — Michael Hudson • PDF version
How to Help the Unemployed — Henry George • PDF version
Property Tax - Cause of Unemployment — Herbert Bab • PDF version
This World is the Creation of God — Henry George • PDF version
On Earth as it is in Heaven — Mason Gaffney and others, writing about Bill Vickrey
How to Revive a Dying City — Mason Gaffney
Land and Justice — Lindy Davies
An Introduction to Henry George — Weld Carter
Agnosticism, Freethought, Logic FAQ, & more...
Magical Thinking & the Paranormal
Apparitions and Hauntings, Faith Healing, Magic and Witchcraft, & more...
Atheism, About Atheism, Arguments for Atheism, Morality & Atheism, Naturalism, Secular Humanism, Testimonials, & more...
Creationism - Evolution, Physics and Religion, & more...
Arguments for the Existence of God, Biblical Criticism, Biblical Errancy, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Mormonism,Pascal's Wager, Prophecy, Psychology of Religion, Resurrection, & more...
Much of High Culture consists of the appreciation of what is sometimes called High Art. This term is rather broader than Arnold's definition and besides Literature includes Music, Visual arts, especially Painting, and traditional forms of the Performing arts, now including someCinema. The Decorative arts would not generally be considered High art.
The cultural products most regarded as forming part of High culture are most likely to have been produced during periods of High civilization, for which a large, sophisticated and wealthy urban-based society provides a coherent & conscious aesthetic framework, and a large-scale milieu of training, and, for the visual arts, sourcing materials and financing work. All this is so that the artist is able, as near as possible, to realize his creative potential with as few as possible practical and technical constraints. Although the Western concept of High Culture naturally concentrates on the Graeco-Roman tradition, and its resumption from the Renaissance onwards, it would normally be recognised that such conditions existed in other places at other times. A tentative list of High Cultures, or cultures producing High art, might therefore be:
Civilized Core refers to the four advanced civilizations that emerged during the 1st millennium BCE, during the earlier Iron Age after the collapse of the Bronze Age civilizations that preceded them.
These were, in no particular order, the civilizations of
Classical antiquity is a long period of history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. This period is conventionally taken to stretch from roughly the 7th or 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. It is often seen as a golden age of Western civilisation, preceding the Dark Ages of the early medieval period.
The word classical can refer to something from classical antiquity. For example:
The word classical can also be used to refer to other cultures, by analogy with classical antiquity and classical music. Examples of this usage include:
Examples of canonical lists (in which the selectors have attempted to list only the most important works) include:
University reading lists are also good indicators of what is considered to be in the Western canon:
Longer lists (in which the selectors have attempted to be more comprehensive):
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It produces our every thought, action, memory, feeling and experience of the world. This jelly-like mass of tissue, weighing in at around 1.4 kilograms, contains a staggering one hundred billion nerve cells, or neurons.
The complexity of the connectivity between these cells is mind-boggling. Each neuron can make contact with thousands or even tens of thousands of others, via tiny structures called synapses. Our brains form a million new connections for every second of our lives. The pattern and strength of the connections is constantly changing and no two brains are alike.
It is in these changing connections that memories are stored, habits learnedand personalities shaped, by reinforcing certain patterns of brain activity, and losing others.
While people often speak of their "grey matter", the brain also contains white matter. The grey matter is the cell bodies of the neurons, while the white matter is the branching network of thread-like tendrils - called dendrites andaxons - that spread out from the cell bodies to connect to other neurons.
But the brain also has another, even more numerous type of cell, called glial cells. These outnumber neurons ten times over. Once thought to be support cells, they are now known to amplify neural signals and to be as important as neurons in mental calculations. There are many different types of neuron, only one of which is unique to humans and the other great apes, the so calledspindle cells.
Brain structure is shaped partly by genes, but largely by experience. Only relatively recently it was discovered that new brain cells are being bornthroughout our lives - a process called neurogenesis. The brain has bursts of growth and then periods of consolidation, when excess connections are pruned. The most notable bursts are in the first two or three years of life, during puberty, and also a final burst in young adulthood.
How a brain ages also depends on genes and lifestyle too. Exercising the brain and giving it the right diet can be just as important as it is for the rest of the body.
The neurons in our brains communicate in a variety of ways. Signals pass between them by the release and capture of neurotransmitter andneuromodulator chemicals, such as glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine,noradrenalin, serotonin and endorphins.
Some neurochemicals work in the synapse, passing specific messages from release sites to collection sites, called receptors. Others also spread their influence more widely, like a radio signal, making whole brain regions more or less sensitive.
These neurochemicals are so important that deficiencies in them are linked to certain diseases. For example, a loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which control movements, leads to Parkinson's disease. It can also increase susceptibility to addiction because it mediates our sensations of reward and pleasure.
Similarly, a deficiency in serotonin, used by regions involved in emotion, can be linked to depression or mood disorders, and the loss of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex is characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
Within individual neurons, signals are formed by electrochemical pulses. Collectively, this electrical activity can be detected outside the scalp by anelectroencephalogram (EEG).
These signals have wave-like patterns, which scientists classify from alpha (common while we are relaxing or sleeping), through to gamma (active thought). When this activity goes awry, it is called a seizure. Some researchers think that synchronising the activity in different brain regions isimportant in perception.
Other ways of imaging brain activity are indirect. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron emission tomography (PET) monitor blood flow. MRI scans, computed tomography (CT) scans and diffusion tensor images (DTI) use the magnetic signatures of different tissues, X-ray absorption, or the movement of water molecules in those tissues, to image the brain.
These scanning techniques have revealed which parts of the brain areassociated with which functions. Examples include activity related tosensations, movement, libido, choices, regrets, motivations and even racism. However, some experts argue that we put too much trust in these results and that they raise privacy issues.
Before scanning techniques were common, researchers relied on patients with brain damage caused by strokes, head injuries or illnesses, to determine which brain areas are required for certain functions. This approach exposed the regions connected to emotions, dreams, memory, language andperception and to even more enigmatic events, such as religious or "paranormal" experiences.
One famous example was the case of Phineas Gage, a 19th century railroad worker who lost part of the front of his brain when a 1-metre-long iron pole was blasted through his head during an explosion. He recovered physically, but was left with permanent changes to his personality, showing for the first time that specific brain regions are linked to different processes.
The most obvious anatomical feature of our brains is the undulating surfac of the cerebrum - the deep clefts are known as sulci and its folds are gyri. The cerebrum is the largest part of our brain and is largely made up of the twocerebral hemispheres. It is the most evolutionarily recent brain structure, dealing with more complex cognitive brain activities.
It is often said that the right hemisphere is more creative and emotional and the left deals with logic, but the reality is more complex. Nonetheless, the sides do have some specialisations, with the left dealing with speech and language, the right with spatial and body awareness.
See our Interactive Graphic for more on brain structure
Further anatomical divisions of the cerebral hemispheres are the occipital lobeat the back, devoted to vision, and the parietal lobe above that, dealing withmovement, position, orientation and calculation.
Behind the ears and temples lie the temporal lobes, dealing with sound and speech comprehension and some aspects of memory. And to the fore are the frontal and prefrontal lobes, often considered the most highly developed and most "human" of regions, dealing with the most complex thought, decision making, planning, conceptualising, attention control and working memory. They also deal with complex social emotions such as regret, morality andempathy.
Another way to classify the regions is as sensory cortex and motor cortex, controlling incoming information, and outgoing behaviour respectively.
Below the cerebral hemispheres, but still referred to as part of the forebrain, is the cingulate cortex, which deals with directing behaviour and pain. And beneath this lies the corpus callosum, which connects the two sides of the brain. Other important areas of the forebrain are the basal ganglia, responsible for movement, motivation and reward.
Beneath the forebrain lie more primitive brain regions. The limbic system, common to all mammals, deals with urges and appetites. Emotions are most closely linked with structures called the amygdala, caudate nucleus andputamen. Also in the limbic brain are the hippocampus - vital for forming new memories; the thalamus - a kind of sensory relay station; and thehypothalamus, which regulates bodily functions via hormone release from thepituitary gland.
The back of the brain has a highly convoluted and folded swelling called thecerebellum, which stores patterns of movement, habits and repeated tasks - things we can do without thinking about them.
The most primitive parts, the midbrain and brain stem, control the bodily functions we have no conscious control of, such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep patterns, and so on. They also control signals that pass between the brain and the rest of the body, through the spinal cord.
Though we have discovered an enormous amount about the brain, huge andcrucial mysteries remain. One of the most important is how does the brain produces our conscious experiences?
The vast majority of the brain's activity is subconscious. But our consciousthoughts, sensations and perceptions - what define us as humans - cannot yet be explained in terms of brain activity.
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, pleasecontact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
Gallery: Messages from the Stone Age
THE first intrepid explorers to brave the 7-metre crawl through a perilously narrow tunnel leading to the Chauvet caves in southern France were rewarded with magnificent artwork to rival any modern composition. Stretching a full 3 metres in height, the paintings depict a troupe of majestic horses in deep colours, above a pair of boisterous rhinos in the midst of a fight. To the left, they found the beautiful rendering of a herd of prehistoric cows. "The horse heads just seem to leap out of the wall towards you," says Jean Clottes, former director of scientific research at the caves and one of the few people to see the paintings with his own eyes.
When faced with such spectacular beauty, who could blame the visiting anthropologists for largely ignoring the modest semicircles, lines and zigzags also marked on the walls? Yet dismissing them has proved to be something of a mistake. The latest research has shown that, far from being doodles, the marks are in fact highly symbolic, forming a written "code" that was familiar to all of the prehistoric tribes around France and possibly beyond. Indeed, these unprepossessing shapes may be just as remarkable as the paintings of trotting horses and tussling rhinos, providing a snapshot into humankind's first steps towards symbolism and writing.
Until now, the accepted view has been that our ancestors underwent a "creative explosion" around 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, when they suddenly began to think abstractly and create rock art. This idea is supported by the plethora of stunning cave paintings, like those at Chauvet, which started to proliferate across Europe around this time. Writing, on the other hand, appeared to come much later, with the earliest records of a pictographic writing system dating back to just 5000 years ago.
Few researchers, though, had given any serious thought to the relatively small and inconspicuous marks around the cave paintings. The evidence of humanity's early creativity, they thought, was clearly in the elaborate drawings.
While some scholars like Clottes had recorded the presence of cave signs at individual sites, Genevieve von Petzinger, then a student at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada, was surprised to find that no one had brought all these records together to compare signs from different caves. And so, under the supervision of April Nowell, also at the University of Victoria, she devised an ambitious masters project. She compiled a comprehensive database of all recorded cave signs from 146 sites in France, covering 25,000 years of prehistory from 35,000 to 10,000 years ago.
What emerged was startling: 26 signs, all drawn in the same style, appeared again and again at numerous sites
What emerged was startling - 26 signs, all drawn in the same style, appeared again and again
A closer look confirmed their suspicions. When von Petzinger went back to some of the records of the cave walls, she noticed other, less abstract signs that appeared to represent a single part of a larger figure - like the tusks of a mammoth without an accompanying body. This feature, known as synecdoche, is common in the known pictographic languages. To von Petzinger and Nowell, it demonstrated that our ancestors were indeed considering how to represent ideas symbolically rather than realistically, eventually leading to the abstract symbols that were the basis of the original study.
"It was a way of communicating information in a concise way," says Nowell. "For example, the mammoth tusks may have simply represented a mammoth, or a mammoth hunt, or something that has nothing to do with a literal interpretation of mammoths." Other common forms of synecdoche include two concentric circles or triangles (used as eyes in horse and bison paintings), ibex horns and the hump of a mammoth. The claviform figure - which looks somewhat like a numeral 1 - may even be a stylised form of the female figure, she says.
The real clincher came with the observation that certain signs appear repeatedly in pairs. Negative hands and dots tend to be one of the most frequent pairings, for example, especially during a warm climate period known as the Gravettian (28,000 to 22,000 years ago). One site called Les Trois-Frères in the French Pyrenees, even shows four sign types grouped together: negative hands, dots, finger fluting and thumb stencils (a rare subcategory of the negative hands).
Grouping is typically seen in early pictographic languages - the combined symbols representing a new concept - and the researchers suspect that prehistoric Europeans had established a similar system. "The consistency of the pairings indicate that they could really have had a meaning," says Nowell. "We are perhaps seeing the first glimpses of a rudimentary language system."
Academic institutions: Universities and colleges •Schools (High schools and secondary schools,Middle schools, Primary and elementary schools)
Alternative education: Education reform •Homeschooling • Religious education • Special education
Education by country: Australia • Brazil •Canada • China • France • Germany • India •Israel • Japan • Korea • Russia • Scotland • United Kingdom • United States
Education by subject: Chemical • Language •Legal • Mathematics • Medical • Music • Physics •Public health • Science • Vocational
Educators: Educational psychologists • Principals and headteachers • Teachers • University and college presidents
Educational: Administration • Philosophy •Psychology • Technology
General: History of education
Subcategories
Volume I: Angel, Animal, Aristocracy, Art, Astronomy, Beauty, Being, Cause, Chance, Change, Citizen, Constitution, Courage, Custom andConvention, Definition, Democracy, Desire, Dialectic, Duty, Education, Element, Emotion, Eternity, Evolution, Experience, Family, Fate,Form, God, Good and Evil, Government, Habit, Happiness, History, Honor, Hypothesis, Idea, Immortality, Induction, Infinity, Judgment,Justice, Knowledge, Labor, Language, Law, Liberty, Life and Death, Logic, and Love
Volume II: Man, Mathematics, Matter, Mechanics, Medicine, Memory and Imagination, Metaphysics, Mind, Monarchy, Nature, Necessityand Contingency, Oligarchy, One and Many, Opinion, Opposition, Philosophy, Physics, Pleasure and Pain, Poetry, Principle, Progress,Prophecy, Prudence, Punishment, Quality, Quantity, Reasoning, Relation, Religion, Revolution, Rhetoric, Same and Other, Science, Sense,Sign and Symbol, Sin, Slavery, Soul, Space, State, Temperance, Theology, Time, Truth, Tyranny, Universal and Particular, Virtue and Vice,War and Peace, Wealth, Will, Wisdom, and World
Links:
(mainly for carrying on the work of, rather than doing historical research on, the aristotelian, thomistic, classical realist tradition)
Broad metasites:
Narrower topics/individual authors
Societies, academies, institutes
See also under "Manuscript resources," below.
On-line texts, translations, course materials, research tools:
See also the sites under "Broad metasites" and "Narrower topics/individual authors," above. Many sites under "Scholars' home pages," below, also have valuable materials. Research tools may also be found under "Software for scholars," below. Finally, don't forget the materials on my own Download page.
See also the sites under "Libraries," above.
| National Cultures: | International Culture: |
| Special Topics: |
Society for Medieval Logic and Metaphysics
Readings |
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Plato and AristotleOn why we should be interested in Meno's questiona priori knowledge Meno’s ParadoxMeno outline Plato in MathPlato on a prioriMeno: the geometrical problemParmenides
Plato on body and soulPlato_in_a_nutshell
The main argument of the PhaedoPlato's Theory of Forms and its problems
Pythagoras Q&A 1RE essential definitionsRE individual differencesRE innate instinct and prenatal vs. acquired intellectual knowledgeRE intuitionRe MATERIALISMRE please explain!!RE questions on PlatoRe Some more questions on Aristotle and PlatoRe Some questions on Aristotle's "On the Soul"RE the life-cycles of the soulRE your questionsSome Points of Difference between Plato and AristotleThe logical relationships between Plato's and Aristotle's theories and argumentsPlato_and_Aristotle_SummarySome questions before the testThe essential definition of the soul according to AristotleThe Medieval Problem of Universals (Stanford Encyclopedia article)The Myth of Souls. The Chariot Analogy. RecollectionTheory of Forms and its problemsUNIVERSALS (a brief comparison of Plato and Aristotle)Aristotle summaryIntellective functions according to AristotleForms in Ancient and Medieval Thought (NDHI-article)Moving from Aristotle to Boethius----------------------------------------------------------Augustine, Boethius, Anselm, AquinasAugustine’s Three DiscoveriesRe Test on Boethius, Anselm, and AquinasAnselm’s ProofA Simple Reconstruction of Anselm's Proof in the ProslogionAquinas and Anselm on the existence of GodHow God is everywhere and yet not in spaceIs Anselm's proof begging the question?Q&A 2RE accidental vs substantial formRe Aquinas's Five Waysper se vs per accidens
Definitions of Basic Concepts in Aquinas' Principles of Nature----------------------------------------------------------DescartesThe Cartesian CircleDescartes_summaryOutline of Meditations 3-5The last Scholastic: Descartes----------------------------------------------------------- Final review topics
Franco Ferrarotti
Piano di lavoro
in "Quaderni di sociologia" - Estate 1951, n. 1.
Nicola Abbagnano - Luciano Gallino
I venticinque anni dei Quaderni,
in "Quaderni di sociologia", Nuova Serie, vol. XXV, n. 1, Gennaio-Marzo 1976.
Franco Ferrarotti
Nicola Abbagnano: la generosità di un maestro
in www.nicolaabbagnano.it, Luglio 2002
Luciano Gallino e Paolo Ceri (a cura di)
La società italiana. Cinquant'anni di mutamenti visti dai "Quaderni di sociologia"
"Quaderni di sociologia", Nuova Serie, vol. XLV, n. 26-27, 2001, pp. 560
Fascicolo doppio straordinario pubblicato in occasione del cinquantenario della rivista.
Presentazione
Indice
Franco Ferrarotti
Piano di lavoro
in "Quaderni di sociologia" - Estate 1951, n. 1.
Nicola Abbagnano - Luciano Gallino
I venticinque anni dei Quaderni,
in "Quaderni di sociologia", Nuova Serie, vol. XXV, n. 1, Gennaio-Marzo 1976.
Franco Ferrarotti
Nicola Abbagnano: la generosità di un maestro
in www.nicolaabbagnano.it, Luglio 2002
Luciano Gallino e Paolo Ceri (a cura di)
La società italiana. Cinquant'anni di mutamenti visti dai "Quaderni di sociologia"
"Quaderni di sociologia", Nuova Serie, vol. XLV, n. 26-27, 2001, pp. 560
Fascicolo doppio straordinario pubblicato in occasione del cinquantenario della rivista.
Presentazione
Indice
Scottish Philosophy in the 19th Century
Carmichael and Hutcheson--and Others
Scottish Philosophy in America
Concluding Nonphilosophical Comments
24 found Sort by: Works by Edmund D. PellegrinoView all tips / No more tips Edmund D. Pellegrino (2006). Bioethics and Politics: "Doing Ethics" in the Public Square. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 31 (6):569 – 584.
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Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1 - The Art of Prophecy
Chapter 2 - The Word of God
Chapter 3 - The Contents of Scripture
Chapter 4 - The Interpretation of Scripture
Chapter 5 - Principles for Expounding Scripture
Chapter 6 - Rightly Handling the Word of God
Chapter 7 - Use and Application
Chapter 8 - Varieties of Application
Chapter 9 - The Use of the Memory
Chapter 10 - Preaching the Word
Chapter 11 - Public Prayer
Summary
By author:
Eminent Domain and Government Giveaways — Wyn Achenbaum
Slavery — A. J. O. (believed to be Mark Twain) [Essential Document]
Some Background on the Robert Schalkenbach Foundation — Pat Aller
From Wasteland to Promised Land: Liberation Theology for a Post-Marxist World — Robert V. Andelson and James M. Dawsey; synopsis by Lindy Davies
Henry George and the Reconstruction of Capitalism — Robert V. Andelson
The Earth is the Lord's! — Robert V. Andelson
Property Tax -- Cause of Unemployment — Herbert J. G. Bab
Capitalism 3.0 — Peter Barnes
Equity in Assessment Practices — Bill Batt
Property Tax Relief Measures: Answers to the "Poor Widow " Argument • pdf version —Bill Batt
Two Property Tax Relief Measures: Land Value Taxation to Stabilize and Deferral as Provisional Tax Relief • pdf version — Bill Batt
Property Tax Commission White Paper, for the NYS Commission on Real Property Tax Relief • pdf version — Bill Batt
Comments on the Middle Class STAR Rebate Program, to the Assembly Standing Committee on Real Property Taxation — Bill Batt
Comment on Parts of the NYS Legislative Tax Study Commission's 1985 study: “Who Pays New York Taxes?” — a 2007 retrospective on a 1985 study — Bill Batt
Solution to School Finance Equity Dilemma in NY State: A Response to the Court of Appeals Decision to Provide about $4 – 6 Billion to the Underfunded School Systems — Bill Batt
Explaining the Virtues of a Land Value Tax for Those Who Never Had Economics 101 • pdf version — Bill Batt
Generational Equity in Housing: Property Tax Considerations • pdf version — Bill Batt
On the Futility of a Tax Cap • pdf version — Bill Batt
A Sound Property Tax Solution — Bill Batt
Painless Taxation — Bill Batt
Testimony before Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative Rules Hearing — Bill Batt
Saving the Commons in an Age of Plunder • pdf version — Bill Batt
Stemming Sprawl: The Fiscal Approach — Bill Batt
Who Says Cities are Poor? They Just Don't Know How to Tax Their Wealth! — Bill Batt
The Fallacy of the "Three-Legged Stool" Metaphor — Bill Batt
Fallacies of the Slippery Slope Argument — Bill Batt
The Compatibility of Georgist Economics and Ecological Economics — Bill Batt
How Our Towns Got That Way— Bill Batt
How the Railroads Got Us on the Wrong Economic Track — Bill Batt
The Merits of Site Value Taxation — Bill Batt
The Nexus of Transportation, Economic Rent, and Land Use — Bill Batt
Water and Privatization — Bill Batt
The Three Keys to Containing Sprawl — Hanno Beck
Bathroom Policy — Hanno Beck
What The "Polluter Pays" Principle Implies — Hanno Beck
The Up-To-Date Primer: A First Book of Lessons for Little Political Economists, In Words of One Syllable — J. W. Bengough
On True Political Economy (The Whole-Hog Book) — J. W. Bengough
Preface to Significant Paragraphs from Progress & Poverty — Harry Gunnison Brown
Abraham Lincoln and the Men of His Time — Robert H. Browne
Henry George and the Single-Tax —William F. Buckley, Jr.
Home, Dear Home — William F. Buckley, Jr.
Proposition 13 and the Wall Street Journal — Warren F. Buffett
My Introduction to Henry George — Marjorie Carter
A Clarion Call to Sanity, to Honesty, to Justice — Weld Carter
An Introduction to Henry George— Weld Carter
Land Price as a Cause of Poverty — Winston Churchill
Churchill's Radical Decade
The People's Land — excerpt from The People's Rights — Winston Churchill
review of The People's Rights
Geoism and the Practice of Public Economics — Edward H. Clarke
The Great Adventure — S. James Clarkson
Unemployment and Our Revenue Problem — John Sturgis Codman
Uncivilized — Edmund Vance Cooke
22 — Steven B. Cord
The Printer and the Riddle — Joseph Cottler
Geolibertarianism in Rhyme — John Cowan
How to Abolish Unfair Taxation — Clarence Darrow
The Land Belongs to the People — Clarence Darrow
The Cat in New York — Lindy Davies
Ownership and the Law — Lindy Davies
Socialism, Capitalism, and Geoism — Lindy Davies
The Top Ten Reasons Why Land is More Important than Ever — Lindy Davies
Who Was Henry George? — Agnes George de Mille
An Appreciation of Henry George — John Dewey
Steps to Economic Recovery — John Dewey
The Homeownership Cycle — Ed Dodson
Owning Land: Key to Wealth Building? — Edward J. Dodson
Progress and Poverty Today — Kris Feder
True Christianity and My Own Religious Beliefs — Joseph Fels
The Ultimate Tax Reform: Public Revenue from Land Rent — Fred E. Foldvary
Geo-Rent: A Plea to Public Economists — Fred E. Foldvary
Taxation of Interjurisdictional E-Commerce — Mason Gaffney
The Taxable Surplus of Land: Measuring, Guarding and Gathering It — Mason Gaffney
Unearned increments and reality in California's recall election — Mason Gaffney
What happens when a state radically slashes its property tax? — Mason Gaffney
Who Owns Southern California? — Mason Gaffney
Significant Paragraphs from Progress & Poverty — Henry George (1928 abridgement by Harry Gunnison Brown)| PDF
Social Problems: a book of essays — Henry George (1883)
Gems From George (a/k/a The Economics and Philosophy of Henry George, 1839-1897: Being Memorable Passages from his Writings and Addresses).
Causes of Business Depression — Henry George
The Common Sense of Taxation (1881) — Henry George
The Condition of Labor (pdf) (html) — Henry George
The Labor Question ( full page pdf - 21 pages) (bookletized pdf - 32 pages, 8 sheets) — Henry George
The Crime of Poverty — Henry George
The Great Debate: The Single Tax versus Social Democracy — Which will most benefit the people? — Henry George and H. M. Hyndman
Thy Kingdom Come — Henry George
Thou Shalt Not Steal — Henry George
This World is the Creation of God — Henry George
How to Help the Unemployed — Henry George
The Irish Land Question — Henry George
Justice the Object — Taxation the Means — Henry George
The Law of Rent — Henry George
Moses — Apostle of Freedom — Henry George
Ode to Liberty — Henry George
The Single Tax: What It Is and Why We Urge It — Henry George
The Land for the People — Henry George
What the Railroad Will Bring Us — Henry George
Why The Landowner Cannot Shift The Tax on Land Values — Henry George
The Wages of Labor — Henry George
Songs of the Great Adventure — poetry of Luke North (James Hartness Griffes)
Explaining Rent — Everett Gross, and others
Estimating Land Values — Ted Gwartney
A Free Market Strategy to Reduce Sprawl — Ted Gwartney
A Lay Sermon —Robert Green Ingersoll
A Synopsis of Henry George's Progress & Poverty— Al Katzenberger
Why a landlord can not just pass on the cost of LVT to the renter — Bryan Kavanagh
The Rev. James Huntington and Henry George's ideas — James Kiefer
Preface to Ogilvie’s Essay on The Right of Property in Land — D.C. MacDonald
The Ambulance Down in the Valley — Joseph Malins
Licenses to Steal are Expensive: Speculation in Commercial Radio Broadcast Privileges in the United States — Chuck Metalitz
Henry George: Unorthodox American — Albert Jay Nock
Songs of the Great Adventure — poetry of Luke North (pen name for James Hartness Griffes)
Back to the Land — Most Rev. Dr Thomas Nulty
An Essay on the Right of Property in Land — William Ogilvie (edited by Peter Gibb)
Agrarian Justice — Thomas Paine
Outlines of Louis F. Post's Lectures, with Illustrative Notes and Charts (1894) — Louis F. Post
Seeing the Cat — Louis F. Post
House & Home Magazine issue on Land — Perry Prentice
Proving Title — author unknown
Theodore Roosevelt and the Single Tax
Not a Single Tax! — Charles T. Root
The Fruits of the Earth — Rousseau
Wrong Diagnosis Underlies Post's Pessimism on Smart Growth — Walter Rybeck
Combating Modern-day Feudalism: Land as God’s Gift — Walter Rybeck and Ronald Pasquariello
Have We Forgotten The Foundation? — Walter Rybeck
The Uncertain Future of the Metropolis — Walt Rybeck
What Affordable Housing Problem? — Walter Rybeck
An Address delivered upon the 100th anniversary of the birth of HENRY GEORGE — the Hon. Samuel Seabury
The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities — Upton Sinclair
What To Do About the Real Estate Bubble: After the Housing Bubble Bursts, Fix It! — Jeffery Johnson Smith
Sharing Natural Rents to Sustain Human Society — Jeffery J. Smith
Leaking Economic Value of Communities — Jeffery J. Smith
What the Left Must Do: Share the Surplus — Jeff Smith
How Sharing Earth Brought Peace — Jeffery Smith
Planning by Markets — Jeffery J. Smith
Subsidies At Their Worst: Privileges — Jeffery Smith
Giving Life to the Property Tax Shift (PTS) — Jeffery J. Smith and Kris Nelson
The Property Tax Shift Q&A — Jeff Smith
How Profit Shapes Urban Space — Jeff Smith
Share Rent, Transform Society: Jeff Smith's remarks at Who Owns America? II
Joseph Stiglitz: 2002 Interview — Joseph Stiglitz and Christopher Williams
The Political Economy of Land: Putting Henry George in His Place — Frank Stilwell and Kirrily Jordan
Are you a Real Libertarian, or a ROYAL Libertarian? — Dan Sullivan
Bill of Economic Rights and Obligations — Nic Tideman
Applications of Land Value Taxation to Problems of Environmental Protection, Congestion, Efficient Resource Use, Population, and Economic Growth — Nicolaus Tideman
Being Just While Conceptions of Justice are Changing: 7 Cases — T. Nicolaus Tideman
The Ethics of Coercion in Public Finance — Nicolaus Tideman
Coercion Decision Tree
The Case for Taxing Land — Nicolaus Tideman
Farm Land Rent and the Renewal of Rural Society: The Self-Financing Model — Nicolaus Tideman
Global Economic Justice followed by Creating Global Economic Justice — Nicolaus Tideman
Basic Principles of Geonomics — Nicolaus Tideman
The Political Economy of the Gospels — Nicolaus Tideman
Improving Efficiency and Preventing Exploitation in Taxing and Spending Decisions — Nicolaus Tideman
The Interaction of Moral and Economic Approaches to Ecological Protection — Nicolaus Tideman
Land Taxation and Efficient Land Speculation — Nicolaus Tideman
Market-Based Systems for Assigning Rental Value to Land — Nicolaus Tideman
The Constitutional Conflict Between Protecting Expectations and Moral Evolution — Nicolaus Tideman
The Morality of Taxation: The Local Case — Nicolaus Tideman
The Political Economy of Moral Evolution — Nicolaus Tideman
Peace, Justice, and Economic Reform — Nicolaus Tideman
Private Possession as an Alternative to Rental and Private Ownership for Agricultural Land — Nicolaus Tideman
Revenue Sharing under Land Value Taxation — Nicolaus Tideman
Comments on the NTIA's Comprehensive Policy Review of Use and Management of the Radio Frequency Spectrum — Nicolaus Tideman
The Structure of an Inquiry into the Attractiveness of A Social Order Inspired by the Ideas of Henry George — Nicolaus Tideman
The Case for Site Value Rating — Nicolaus Tideman
Basic Tenets of the Incentive Taxation Philosophy — Nicolaus Tideman
Using Tax Policy to Promote Urban Growth — Nicolaus Tideman
The Shape of a World Inspired by Henry George — Nicolaus Tideman
Leo Tolstoy
Committee on Taxation, Resources and Economic Development: summaries of 12 books
Archimedes — Mark Twain
Slavery — A.J.O [likely Mark Twain]
From Zee to Vee: using property tax assessments to monitor the economic landscape — Tony Vickers
Who Should Get the Land Rent? — Dave Wetzel
Justice or Injustice — Dave Wetzel
Landlording It Over Us — Karl Williams
Land Value Taxation: The Overlooked But Vital Eco-Tax — Karl Williams
Social Justice In Australia: INTRODUCTORY KIT — Karl Williams
Economics & Social Justice in Australia: INTERMEDIATE KIT — Karl Williams
Economics & Social Justice in Australia: ADVANCED KIT - Part 1 — Karl Williams
Economics & Social Justice in Australia: ADVANCED KIT - Part 2 — Karl Williams
Henry George's Remedy — Frank Lloyd Wright
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Some Philosophical Roots of Nazism - text typed by Gurwitsch in 1942 and listed as C3 in the Gurwitsch Nachlass.
Phenomenologie der Thematik und des reinen Ich.(Dissertation of 1928 - this is a photo scan of the original typescript and may take a long time to download)
Sobre el nihilismo de nuestro tiempo - Traducción hecha por Mª Luz Pintos Peñaranda
- Introducción por Lester EmbreeLa Última Obra de Edmundo Husserl - I - Traducción hecha por E. Vera Villalobos
La Última Obra de Edmundo Husserl - II - Traducción hecha por E. Vera Villalobos
"Bemerkungen zu den Referaten der Herren Patocka, Landgrebe und Chisholm"
"Introducción" a Kurt Goldstein's Selected Papers/Ausgewaelte Schriften
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A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers by Joseph McCabe (1920)
Infidel Death-beds by George Foote and A. D. McLaren (1886)
The Religious Beliefs Of Our Presidents by Franklin Steiner
Six Historic Americans by John Remsburg
Historical Writings Collected By Positive Atheism (Cliff Walker, Webmaster) (Off Site)
Atheism in India Collected By Positive Atheism (Cliff Walker, Webmaster) (Off Site)
A Tribute To Henry Ward Beecher by Robert Ingersoll (1887)
Giordano Bruno: The Forgotten Philosopher by John Kessler
Luther Burbank (Author Page)
The Forgotten Story of Luther Burbank, an article in Freethought Today
Luther Burbank, Infidel by Edgar Waite
Luther Burbank Speaks Out by Joseph McCabe
Burbank, the Infidel by Joseph Lewis (1927) (Off Site)
Robert Burns by Robert Ingersoll (Unpublished) (1878)
Albert Einstein (Author Page)
Albert Einstein Online (Off Site)
Epicurus (Author Page)
Epicurus and Epicurean Philosophy (Off Site)
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin by John Remsburg
Franklin, the Freethinker by Joseph Lewis (1925) (Off Site)
Ulysses S. Grant by John Remsburg
George Jacob Holyoake by Robert Ingersoll
Humboldt by Robert Ingersoll (1869)
David Hume (Author Page)
Robert Ingersoll (Author Page)
A Biographical Appreciation Of Robert G. Ingersoll by Herman Kittredge (1911) [Index]
Foreword to the Complete Works of Ingersoll
Robert G. Ingersoll - An Intimate View by Newton Baker (1920)
Studies In Rationalism by E. Haldeman-Julius
Ingersoll, the Magnificent by Joseph Lewis (1957) [ Index] (Off Site)
Thomas Jefferson (Author Page)
The Jefferson Gopher (Off Site)
Thomas Jefferson by John Remsburg
Jefferson, the Freethinker by Joseph Lewis (1925) (Off Site)
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln by Robert Ingersoll (1894)
Abraham Lincoln by John Remsburg
Lincoln, the Freethinker by Joseph Lewis (1924) (Off Site)
Joseph McCabe (Author Page)
Joseph McCabe: Fighter For Freethought by Isaac Goldberg (1936)
Friedrich Nietzsche (Author Page)
The Nietzsche Page at USC (Off Site)
Thomas Paine (Author Page)
On Thomas Paine by Robert Ingersoll (1870)
Thomas Paine by Robert Ingersoll (1892)
Thomas Paine and The Age of Reason by Joseph Lewis (1957) (Off Site)
Thomas Paine: World Citizen by Joseph Lewis (1948) (Off Site)
Vindication Of Thomas Paine by Robert Ingersoll (1877)
Ernest Renan (Author Page)
Ernest Renan (1892) by Robert Ingersoll
Bertrand Russell (Author Page)
The Bertrand Russell Archives (Off Site)
A Tribute To Horace Seaver by Robert Ingersoll (1889)
Shakespeare by Robert Ingersoll (1891)
Tolstoy And The Kreutzer Sonata by Robert Ingersoll
Voltaire (Author Page)
Vindication Of Thomas Paine by Robert Ingersoll (includes Voltaire) (1877)
Voltaire by Robert Ingersoll (1894)
Voltaire, the Incomparable Infidel by Joseph Lewis (1929) (Off Site)
Voltaire Foundation (Off Site)
George Washington by John Remsburg
A Tribute To Elizur Wright by Robert Ingersoll (1885)
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