..
But if neither for these sins nor for others the punishment follows directly on the offence,
we must not be surprised,
because not only are there spirits that punish souls,
but also the soul brings itself to judgment,
and because,
since souls survive through eternity,they ought not in a short time to bear all their chastisement,
and because there must be human virtue ;
for if punishments followed directly on offences,
men would do right from fear and would not have virtue.
..
Souls are punished after leaving the body,
some wandering here,others to hot or cold places in the earth,
others being tormented by spirits ;
all these things they endure together with the unreasonable soul,
in whose company they sinned ;
because of this the shadowy form seen about tombs,
especially of evil livers,
comes into being.
..
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- A biography of Peter Abelard, published in the Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 115, edited by Jeremiah Hackett, Detroit: Gale Publishing, 3-15.
- Philosophy in the Latin Christian West, 750-1050, in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, edited by Jorge Gracia and Tim Noone, Blackwell 2003, 32-35.
- Ockham wielding his razor!
- Review of The Beatles Anthology, Chronicle Books 2000 (367pp).
- A brief discussion note about Susan James, Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy.
- Review of St. Thomas Aquinas by Ralph McInerny, University of Notre Dame Press 1982 (172pp). From International Philosophical Quarterly23 (1983), 227-229.
- Review of William Heytesbury on Maxima and Minima by John Longeway, D.Reidel 1984 (x+201pp). From The Philosophical Review 96 (1987), 146-149.
- Review of That Most Subtle Question by D. P. Henry, Manchester University Press 1984 (xviii+337pp). From The Philosophical Review 96 (1987), 149-152.
- Review of Introduction to the Problem of Individuation in the Early Middle Ages by Jorge Gracia, Catholic University of America Press 1984 (303pp). From The Philosophical Review 97 (1988), 564-567.
- Review of Introduction to Medieval Logic by Alexander Broadie, OUP 1987 (vi+150pp). From The Philosophical Review 99 (1990), 299-302.
