- A brief account of the history of logic, from the The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (edited by Ted Honderich), OUP 1997, 497-500.
- A biography of Peter Abelard, published in the Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 115, edited by Jeremiah Hackett, Detroit: Gale Publishing, 3-15.
- Philosophy in the Latin Christian West, 750-1050, in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, edited by Jorge Gracia and Tim Noone, Blackwell 2003, 32-35.
- Ockham wielding his razor!
- Review of The Beatles Anthology, Chronicle Books 2000 (367pp).
- A brief discussion note about Susan James, Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy.
- Review of St. Thomas Aquinas by Ralph McInerny, University of Notre Dame Press 1982 (172pp). From International Philosophical Quarterly23 (1983), 227-229.
- Review of William Heytesbury on Maxima and Minima by John Longeway, D.Reidel 1984 (x+201pp). From The Philosophical Review 96 (1987), 146-149.
- Review of That Most Subtle Question by D. P. Henry, Manchester University Press 1984 (xviii+337pp). From The Philosophical Review 96 (1987), 149-152.
- Review of Introduction to the Problem of Individuation in the Early Middle Ages by Jorge Gracia, Catholic University of America Press 1984 (303pp). From The Philosophical Review 97 (1988), 564-567.
- Review of Introduction to Medieval Logic by Alexander Broadie, OUP 1987 (vi+150pp). From The Philosophical Review 99 (1990), 299-302.
Wednesday, July 8, 2009
Republic by Plato
..
'' What is Justice ? ''
..
Thrasymachus suggests :
'' Justice is whatever is to the interrest of the stronger party
-since the stronger party makes the laws and enforces them- ''.
..
Socrates argues :
'' Rulers sometimes err and that,in any case,
the art of government,
like other arts,
is directed to the interests of those to be affected,
the people themselves ''.
..
Socrates claims :
'' The just man,
provided he has knowledge,
can rule both himself and others,
and that concern of the just man is not for himself alone ''.
..
To clarify the idea of justice and to prove its worth,
Socrates leads a discussion concerning justice in the state ;
he constructs the idea of an ideal state,
one which exhibits justice.
..
Any state needs :
1.guardians - rulers,
2.auxiliares - soldiers,and
3.workers .
..
Each class does its proper business without interfering with the others ;
analogously :
..The just man is one in whom the three elements of his nature,
1.the rational,
2.the spirited,and
3.the appetive,
are harmonized.
..
The IDEAL REPUBLIC is one in which,
the classes are carefully built up by
1.controlled breeding,
2.education,and
3.selection ;
Society is communized in order to eliminate quarrels about personal property.
..
The guardians of the state should be educated as philosophers,
having been prepared by training in music and gymnastic.
..
'' What is Justice ? ''
..
Thrasymachus suggests :
'' Justice is whatever is to the interrest of the stronger party
-since the stronger party makes the laws and enforces them- ''.
..
Socrates argues :
'' Rulers sometimes err and that,in any case,
the art of government,
like other arts,
is directed to the interests of those to be affected,
the people themselves ''.
..
Socrates claims :
'' The just man,
provided he has knowledge,
can rule both himself and others,
and that concern of the just man is not for himself alone ''.
..
To clarify the idea of justice and to prove its worth,
Socrates leads a discussion concerning justice in the state ;
he constructs the idea of an ideal state,
one which exhibits justice.
..
Any state needs :
1.guardians - rulers,
2.auxiliares - soldiers,and
3.workers .
..
Each class does its proper business without interfering with the others ;
analogously :
..The just man is one in whom the three elements of his nature,
1.the rational,
2.the spirited,and
3.the appetive,
are harmonized.
..
The IDEAL REPUBLIC is one in which,
the classes are carefully built up by
1.controlled breeding,
2.education,and
3.selection ;
Society is communized in order to eliminate quarrels about personal property.
..
The guardians of the state should be educated as philosophers,
having been prepared by training in music and gymnastic.
..
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